Newar

   Newar
The Newar individuals or Newars (/nɪˈwɑːrz/;[1] Newar: नेवार) are the chronicled tenants of the Kathmandu Valley and its encompassing regions in Nepal and the makers of its memorable civilization.

The valley and encompassing domains constituted the previous Newar kingdom of the Nepal Mandala.Unlike a typical source ethnic gathering, Newars are a decent illustration of a country group with relic-character of a formerly existing country. Newar group inside of it comprises of different strands of ethnic, racial, position and religious heterogeneity, as Newars of today are relatives of the various gathering of individuals that have lived in Nepal Mandala since ancient times. Indo-Aryan migrants like the Licchavis and Mallas that touched base at various periods in the long run converged with the neighborhood indigenous Newar populace by embracing their dialect and traditions. These outsiders held their Indic legacy and carried with them their Sanskritic dialects, social structure, Vedic religion and society which has significantly adjusted the historical backdrop of Newar civilization. Newar principle in Nepal Mandala finished with its victory by the Gorkha Kingdom in 1768.

Today, Newars are a phonetic and social group of basically Indo-Aryan and Tibeto-Burman ethnicities taking after Hinduism and Buddhism with Nepal Bhasa as their basic dialect. Not at all like other ethnic or rank gatherings of Nepal, they are a semantic and social group that rises above religion, position, ethnicity and social refinements. Researchers have additionally depicted the Newars as a nation. They added to a division of work and a modern urban progress not seen somewhere else in the Himalayan foothills. They are known for their commitments to craftsmanship, model, design, society, writing, music, industry, exchange, agribusiness and food, and left their blemish on the specialty of Central Asia.

As per Nepal's 2011 registration, there are 1,321,933 Newars in the nation. They are the country's 6th biggest ethnic gathering, speaking to 5% of the population. Recent mass relocation into the Kathmandu Valley has brought about the Newars turning into a minority in their country. Notwithstanding the abnormal state of improvement, Newar society and dialect are both under danger today.

Substance

1 Origin of the name

2 History

3 Economic history

4 Castes and groups

5 Religion

6 Language

7 Scripts

8 Literature

9 Dance

9.1 Masked Dance

9.2 Dhime move

10 Music

10.1 Popular customary melodies

10.2 Religious music

11 Art

11.1 Traditional painting

12 Architecture

13 Settlements

14 Festivals

15 Clothing

16 Cuisine

17 Life-cycle services

18 Newa Games

19 See moreover

20 References

21 Further perusing

22 External connections

Source of the name[edit]

Nyatapola Temple in Bhaktapur

Statue in Lalitpur

Swayambhunath in Kathmandu

The expressions "Nepāl", "Newār", "Newāl" and "Nepār" are phonetically diverse types of the same word, and occasions of the different structures show up in writings in various times ever. Nepal is the educated (Sanskrit) structure and Newar is the conversational (Prakrit) form. A Sanskrit engraving dated to 512 in Tistung, a valley toward the west of Kathmandu, contains the expression "welcome to the Nepals" demonstrating that the expression "Nepal" was utilized to allude to both the nation and the people.

The expression "Newar" alluding to "occupant of Nepal" showed up without precedent for an engraving dated 1654 in Kathmandu. Italian Jesuit minister Ippolito Desideri (1684–1733) who made a trip to Nepal in 1721 has composed that the locals of Nepal are called Newars. It has been proposed that "Nepal" might be a sanskritization of "Newar", or "Newar" might be a later type of "Nepal". According to another clarification, the words "Newar" and "Newari" are vulgarisms emerging from the change of P to V, and L to R.

As a consequence of the phonological procedure of dropping the last consonant and stretching the vowel, "Newā" for Newār or Newāl, and "Nepā" for Nepāl are utilized as a part of normal speech.

History

For around a thousand years, the Newar development in Central Nepal safeguarded a microcosm of traditional North Indian society in which Brahmanic and Buddhist components delighted in equivalent status. Snellgrove and Richardson (1968) talk about 'the immediate legacy of pre-Islamic India'. This was the immediate aftereffect of the years of relocation of individuals from both north and south who carried with them their hereditary and racial differing qualities as well as extraordinarily formed the overwhelming society and custom if Newars.

The distinctive divisions of Newars had diverse chronicled improvements. The regular personality of Newar was framed in the Kathmandu Valley. Until the triumph of the valley by the Gorkha Kingdom in 1769,[23] every one of the general population who had possessed the valley anytime of time were either Newar or forebears of Newar. In this way, the historical backdrop of Newar connects to the historical backdrop of the Kathmandu Valley before the foundation of the cutting edge condition of Nepal.

The most punctual known history of Newar and the Kathmandu Valley mixes with mythology recorded in authentic narratives. One such content, which relates the formation of the valley, is the Swayambhu Purana. As indicated by this Buddhist sacred writing, the Kathmandu Valley was a goliath lake until the Bodhisattva Manjusri, with the guide of a blessed sword, cut a crevice in the encompassing slopes and let the water out. This fanciful legend is upheld by land proof of an old lakebed, and it gives a clarification to the high richness of the Kathmandu Valley soil.

As indicated by the Swayambhu Purana, Manjusri then settled a city called Manjupattan (Sanskrit "Land Established by Manjusri"), now called Manjipā, and made Dharmākara its king. A hallowed place committed to Manjusri is still present in Majipā. No recorded reports have been found after this period till the appearance of the Gopal time. A family history of lords is recorded in a narrative called Gopalarajavamsavali. According to this original copy, the Gopal rulers were trailed by the Mahispals and the Kirats before the Licchavis entered from the south. Some case Buddha to have gone to Nepal amid the rule of Kirat lord Jitedasti. The Licchavi tradition ruled for no less than 600 years, trailed by the Malla line in the twelfth century AD.

Newar rule over the valley and their power and impact over neighboring regions finished with the triumph of the Kathmandu Valley in 1769 by the Gorkhali Shah tradition established by Prithvi Narayan Shah.[23][29] Systematic merciless concealment of the Newar individuals was sought after for eras amid early dynastic guideline so as to dishearten them from any political aspiration.

Preceding the Gorkha success, which started with the Battle of Kirtipur in 1767, the outskirts of Nepal Mandala reached out to Tibet in the north, the country of the Kirata in the east, the kingdom of Makwanpur in the south and the Trishuli River in the west which isolated it from the kingdom of Gorkha.

Monetary history

Newar brokers in Lhasa in the 1940s.

Exchange, industry and horticulture have been the pillar of the economy of the Newars. They are comprised of social gatherings connected with inherited callings that give custom and monetary administrations. Dealers, experts, specialists, potters, weavers, dyers, agriculturists and different standings all had impact in making a thriving monetary framework. Elaborate social conventions which required the utilization of changed questions and administrations likewise energized the economy. Towns and towns in the Kathmandu Valley spent significant time in delivering specific items, and rich farming created a surplus for fare.

For quite a long time, Newar vendors have taken care of exchange in the middle of Tibet and India other than sending out privately made items to Tibet. Rice was another significant fare. Watchmen and pack donkeys transported stock over mountain tracks that shaped the old exchange courses. Since the eighteenth century, Newars have spread out crosswise over Nepal and set up exchanging towns specking the midhills. They are known as adornments creators and businesspeople. Today, they are occupied with cutting edge industry, business and administration sectors.

Stations and communities

Primary article: Newa sub-groups

Newars structure an ethno-semantic group unmistakable from the various ethnic gatherings of Nepal. Newars are separated into different endogamous families or gatherings on the premise of their old innate occupations, inferring its roots in the exemplary late-Vedic Varna model. Albeit initially presented in the season of the Licchavis, the Newar standing framework accepted its present shape amid the medieval Malla period.

Artisan stations: The accompanying are the "customarily unadulterated" word related standing gatherings: Balami (fieldworkers and ranchers), Bha/Karanjit (demise custom pros), Chipā/Ranjitkar (dyers), Duhim/Putwar/Dali (transporters), Gathu/Mālākār/Mali (cultivators), Khusa/Tandukar (palanquin bearers/agriculturists), Kau/Nakarmī (smithies), Nau/Napit (hair stylists), Puñ/Chitrakar (painters), Sayami/Mānandhar (oilpressers).

Exposed/Shakya: Buddhist sanctuary clerics furthermore customarily goldsmiths.

Brahmin: The two primary gatherings are: Rajopadhyaya (Dyabhāju Brāhman or Bājyé) who are purohits for Hindu Newars, and Maithil Brahmin (Jhā Bajé) who are sanctuary clerics of Kathmandu's different Hindu places of worship.

Chatharīya (Ksatrīya) Srēṣṭha: Kshatriya blue-blooded alliance which incorporates Malla relatives, their various Hindu subject groups and few Kshatriya-status custom pros like Joshi (soothsayers), Vaidya (Ayurvedic specialists), Rajbhandārī (collaborator clerics and treasurers) and Karmāchārya (Tantric ministers).

Chyamé/Chama:khala: Traditionally anglers, sweepers. A Scheduled Caste.

Dhobi/Jogi: A standing related as being relatives of the Kanphata Yogi order. Additionally generally tailors, washermen, artists.

Dyala/Podé: Traditionally sanctuary cleaners, anglers, sweepers.