Kathmandhu
The city remains at a height of around 1,400 meters (4,600 ft) in the dish formed Kathmandu Valley of focal Nepal. It is encompassed by four noteworthy slopes: Shivapuri, Phulchoki, Nagarjun, and Chandragiri. Kathmandu Valley is a piece of three locale (Kathmandu, Lalitpur, and Bhaktapur), has the most astounding populace thickness in the nation, and is home to around a twelfth of Nepal's populace.
Generally, the Kathmandu Valley and connecting territories were known as Nepal Mandala. Until the fifteenth century, Bhaktapur was its capital when two different capitals, Kathmandu and Lalitpur, were established. During the Rana and Shah periods, British students of history called the valley itself "Nepal Proper". Today, Kathmandu is not just the capital of the Federal Democratic Republic of Nepal, additionally the central command of the Bagmati Zone.
Kathmandu is the portal to tourism in Nepal. It is additionally the center point of the nation's economy. It has the most exceptional foundation of any urban territory in Nepal, and its economy is centered around tourism, which represented 3.8% of Nepal's GDP in 1995/96. Tourism in Kathmandu declined from that point amid a time of political distress, however from that point forward has progressed. In 2013, Kathmandu was positioned third among the main 10 travel destinations on the ascent on the planet by TripAdvisor, and positioned first in Asia.
The city has a rich history, spreading over almost 2000 years, as derived from engravings found in the valley. Religious and social celebrations shape a noteworthy part of the lives of individuals living in Kathmandu. The greater part of Kathmandu's kin take after Hinduism and numerous others take after Buddhism. There are individuals of different religious convictions too, giving Kathmandu a cosmopolitan society. Nepali is the most regularly talked dialect in the city. English is comprehended by Kathmandu's informed occupants. Notable territories of Kathmandu were crushed by a 7.8 extent quake on 25 April 2015.
Etymology
The city of Kathmandu is named after Kasthamandap sanctuary, that remained in Durbar Square. In Sanskrit, Kastha (काष्ठ) signifies "wood" and Mandap (/मण्डप) signifies "secured cover". This sanctuary, otherwise called Maru Satal in the Newar dialect, was inherent 1596 by King Laxmi Narsingh Malla. The two-story structure was made altogether of wood, and utilized no iron nails nor underpins. As per legend, all the timber used to assemble the pagoda was gotten from a solitary tree. The structure broken down amid the significant tremor on 25 April 2015.
The colophons of antiquated compositions, dated as late as the twentieth century, allude to Kathmandu as Kasthamandap Mahanagar in Nepal Mandala. Mahanagar signifies "extraordinary city". The city is called "Kasthamandap" in a promise that Buddhist clerics still recount right up 'til the present time. In this manner, Kathmandu is otherwise called Kasthamandap. Amid medieval times, the city was once in a while called Kantipur (कान्तिपुर). This name is gotten from two Sanskrit words - Kanti and pur. "Kanti" is one of the names of the Goddess Lakshmi, and "pur" implies place.
Among the indigenous Newar individuals, Kathmandu is known as Yen Desa (येँ देश), and Patan and Bhaktapur are known as Yala Desa (यल देश) and Khwopa Desa (ख्वप देश). "Yen" is the shorter type of Yambu (यम्बु), which initially alluded toward the northern portion of Kathmandu.
History
Archeological unearthings in parts of Kathmandu have discovered confirmation of antiquated civic establishments. The most established of these discoveries is a statue, found in Maligaon, that was dated at 185 AD. The exhuming of Dhando Chaitya revealed a block with an engraving in Brahmi script. Archeologists trust it is two thousand years old. Stone engravings are a pervasive component at legacy locales and are key hotspots for the historical backdrop of Nepal
The soonest Western reference to Kathmandu shows up in a record of Jesuit Fathers Johann Grueber and Albert d'Orville. In 1661, they went through Nepal on their way from Tibet to India, and reported that they achieved "Cadmendu, the capital of the Kingdom of Necbal".
Antiquated history
The antiquated history of Kathmandu is portrayed in its customary myths and legends. As indicated by Swayambhu Purana, present-day Kathmandu was before a gigantic and profound lake. The lake was cut depleted by bodhisatwa Manjusri with his sword and the water was emptied out from that point and he set up a city called Manjupattan and made Dharmakar the leader of the valley land.
Kotirudra Samhita of Shiva Purana, Chapter 11, shloka 18 alludes to the spot as Nayapala city well known for its Pashupati Shivalinga. The name Nepal likely begins from this city Nayapala.
Not very many chronicled records exist of the period before the medieval Licchavis rulers. As per Gopalraj Vansawali, a parentage of Nepali rulers, the leaders of Kathmandu Valley before the Licchavis were Gopalas, Mahispalas, Aabhirs, Kirants, and Somavanshi. The Kirata administration was built up by Yalamber. Amid the Kirata time, a settlement called Yambu existed in the northern portion of old Kathmandu. In a portion of the Sino-Tibetan dialects, Kathmandu is still called Yambu. Another littler settlement called Yengal was available in the southern portion of old Kathmandu, close Manjupattan. Amid the rule of the seventh Kirata ruler, Jitedasti, Buddhist friars entered Kathmandu valley and set up a woods religious community at Sankhu.
Medieval history
Licchavi era
The Licchavis from the Indo-Gangetic plain moved north and vanquished the Kiratas, building up the Licchavi line. Amid this time, taking after the genocide of Shakyas in Lumbini by Virudhaka, the survivors moved north and entered the woodland cloister in Sankhu taking on the appearance of Koliyas. From Sankhu, they relocated to Yambu and Yengal (Lanjagwal and Manjupattan) and set up the main perpetual Buddhist religious communities of Kathmandu. This made the premise of Newar Buddhism, which is the main surviving Sanskrit-based Buddhist convention in the world. With their relocation, Yambu was called Koligram and Yengal was called Dakshin Koligram amid a large portion of the Licchavi era.
In the end, the Licchavi ruler Gunakamadeva consolidated Koligram and Dakshin Koligram, establishing the city of Kathmandu. The city was composed fit as a fiddle of Chandrahrasa, the sword of Manjushri. The city was encompassed by eight encampment watched by Ajimas. One of these military enclosure is still being used at Bhadrakali (before Singha Durbar). The city served as a vital travel point in the exchange in the middle of India and Tibet, prompting colossal development in design. Depictions of structures, for example, Managriha, Kailaskut Bhawan, and Bhadradiwas Bhawan have been found in the surviving diaries of explorers and friars who lived amid this period. For instance, the acclaimed seventh century Chinese voyager Xuanzang portrayed Kailaskut Bhawan, the castle of the Licchavi lord Amshuverma. The exchange course prompted social trade also. The masterfulness of the Newar individuals—the indigenous tenants of the Kathmandu Valley—turned out to be exceedingly looked for in the wake of amid this period, both inside of the Valley and all through the more prominent Himalayas. Newar craftsmen voyaged widely all through Asia, making religious workmanship for their neighbors. For instance, Araniko drove a gathering of his countryman craftsmen through Tibet and China. Bhrikuti, the princess of Nepal who wedded Tibetan ruler Songtsän Gampo, was instrumental in acquainting Buddhism with Tibet.
Malla era
The Licchavi period was trailed by the Malla time. Rulers from Tirhut, after being assaulted by Muslims, fled north to the Kathmandu valley. They intermarried with Nepali sovereignty, and this prompted the Malla time. The early years of the Malla time were turbulent, with strikes and assaults from Khas and Turk Muslims. There was likewise an overwhelming tremor which killed 33% of Kathmandu's populace, including the ruler Abhaya Malla. These fiascos prompted the pulverization of the greater part of the design of the Licchavi time.
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